Parmeliaceae template_02

Data Set Maintenance: Data set template, standard item, authentic, and compiled; reviewer(s): Aptroot A., Elix J. A., Mattsson J.-E., Verdon D., Esslinger T., Nash T.H., and Randlane T.; not revised @EXCL@ revised; not to be published after submission @EXCL@ to be published after submission; -.

Nomenclature: Current taxonomic status: accepted. Taxonomic rank: species @EXCL@ subspecies @EXCL@ variety @EXCL@ form. Hypotrachyna @EXCL@ Ahtiana @EXCL@ Allantoparmelia @EXCL@ Allocetraria @EXCL@ Almbornia @EXCL@ Arctocetraria @EXCL@ Arctoparmelia @EXCL@ Asahinea @EXCL@ Brodoa @EXCL@ Bryocaulon @EXCL@ Bryoria @EXCL@ Bulborrhizina @EXCL@ Bulbothricella @EXCL@ Bulbothrix @EXCL@ Canomaculina @EXCL@ Canoparmelia @EXCL@ Cavernularia @EXCL@ Cetraria @EXCL@ Cetrariastrum @EXCL@ Cetrariella @EXCL@ Cetrelia @EXCL@ Cetreliopsis @EXCL@ Chondropsis @EXCL@ Coelocaulon @EXCL@ Coelopogon @EXCL@ Concamerella @EXCL@ Cornicularia @EXCL@ Dactylina @EXCL@ Esslingeriana @EXCL@ Evernia @EXCL@ Everniastrum @EXCL@ Everniopsis @EXCL@ Flavocetraria @EXCL@ Flavoparmelia @EXCL@ Flavopunctelia @EXCL@ Himantormia @EXCL@ Hypogymnia @EXCL@ Imshaugia @EXCL@ Kaernefeltia @EXCL@ Karoowia @EXCL@ Letharia @EXCL@ Lethariella @EXCL@ Masonhalea @EXCL@ Melanelia @EXCL@ Menegazzia @EXCL@ Myelochroa @EXCL@ Namakwa @EXCL@ Neofuscelia @EXCL@ Nephromopsis @EXCL@ Nimisia @EXCL@ Nodobryoria @EXCL@ Omphalodiella @EXCL@ Omphalodium @EXCL@ Omphalora @EXCL@ Pannoparmelia @EXCL@ Paraparmelia @EXCL@ Parmelaria @EXCL@ Parmelia @EXCL@ Parmelina @EXCL@ Parmelinella @EXCL@ Parmelinopsis @EXCL@ Parmeliopsis @EXCL@ Parmotrema @EXCL@ Parmotremopsis @EXCL@ Placoparmelia @EXCL@ Platismatia @EXCL@ Pleurosticta @EXCL@ Protousnea @EXCL@ Pseudephebe @EXCL@ Pseudevernia @EXCL@ Pseudoparmelia @EXCL@ Psiloparmelia @EXCL@ Psoromella @EXCL@ Punctelia @EXCL@ Relicina @EXCL@ Relicinopsis @EXCL@ Rimelia @EXCL@ Rimeliella @EXCL@ Tuckermannopsis @EXCL@ Tuckneraria @EXCL@ Usnea @EXCL@ Vulpicida @EXCL@ Xanthomaculina @EXCL@ Xanthoparmelia. Synonyms: Parmelia bogotensis Vain.; Parmeliaceae Zenker (1827); Lecanorineae; Lecanorales.

Type Information: Type: x; protologue:-; type specimen label data: x.

Taxonomic Literature: Taxonomic notes:-. Vainio 1899 (Hedwigia 38); Hale 1975 (Smithsonian Contr. Bot.).

Biogeography: Northern hemispheric; holarctic, arctic, subarctic, boreal, Mediterranean, subtropical, pantropical, neotropical, palaeotropic, subantarctic, antarctic, and cosmopolitan; coastal, colline, submontane, montane, upper montane, subalpine, and alpine. Continent: Northern America, Southern America, Africa, Antarctica, Asia-Temperate, Australasia, Europe, Pacific, and Asia-Tropical. Checklist records: Australia, Austria, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Estonia, Germany, Germany, Bavaria, Germany, Hamburg, Great Britain, Guianas, Iberic Peninsula, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Morocco, New Guinea, New Zealand, Peru, Sonoran Desert, Sweden and Norway, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United States and Canada (continental), and Venezuela.

Ecology: Biotroph; lichenized or lichenicolous; lignicolous, terricolous, bryophytic, corticolous, epiphyllous, or saxicolous; substrate non-calciferous or calciferous.

Thallus: Foliose, indistinct, crustose, or fruticose, subdivided into main or not subdivided parts, without secondary or and secondary parts, sub irregular, filamentose, leprose, squamulose, placodioid, subfruticose, or granular, subsquamulose, continuous throughout, dispersed along the periphery, continuous in the centre, or dispersed throughout and distinctly seperate, lobed or umbilicate; lobes elongate, lunate, linear, or flabellate, horizontal, ascending, or imbricate; angular or rounded at the front; concave, subconcave, plane, subconvex, or convex; erect or subpendulous; branches terete, applanate (moderately flattened), striate, ridged, alate, subterete, or compressed (strongly flattened); bifacial, unifacial, or pseudobifacial; not segmented or segmented; separate thallus parts (0)-0-0-0-(0) mm wide. Secondary Thallus: Trunk with intact wall or longitudinally split, black, grey, blue, green, yellow, brown, red, white, dark grey, dark yellow, dark red, grey-blue, grey-green, grey-brown, grey-red, pale grey, dark blue, brownish blue, pale blue, dark green, aeruginose, olive, pale green, grey-yellow, lime green, brownish yellow, orange, lemon (citrine), dark brown, brownish red, pale brown, violet, or pink (rosé), paler than, concolorous, or darkened the branches. Thallus Size and Differentiation: (0)-0-0-0-(0) cm in diameter; (0)-0-0-0-(0) cm long; main branches basally not constricted or basally constricted; apex rounded or truncate. Thallus Outline: Margin crenate, entire, or sinuate; black, grey, blue, green, yellow, brown, red, white, dark grey, dark green, dark yellow, dark brown, dark red, grey-blue, grey-green, grey-yellow, grey-brown, grey-red, dark blue, brownish blue, pale blue, aeruginose, olive, lime green, brownish yellow, lemon (citrine), brownish red, pale brown, violet (= purple, bluish red, reddish blue), orange, pale grey, pale green, or pink (rosé). Upper Surface: Black, grey, blue, green, yellow, brown, red, white, dark green, dark yellow, dark red, dark grey, grey-blue, grey-yellow, grey-brown, grey-red, pale grey, dark blue, aeruginose, violet, pale blue, grey-green, pale green, lime green, lemon (citrine), dark brown, brownish blue, olive, brownish yellow, brownish red, pale brown, orange, or pink (rosé), plane, subconvex, concave, subconcave, or convex, glossy (shiny), vitreous, or matt, smooth or rough, byssoid, pulverulaceous, or erose; not fissurate or fissurate; fissures sparingly developed or strongly developed, without extrusions or with extrusions, longitudinally oriented, transversely oriented, not particularly oriented, or longitudinally and transversally oriented oriented; not foveate or foveate; not convoluted or convoluted; immaculate or maculate; without patches or with patches; epruinose or pruinose, pruina scarce or abundant, continuous or patchy; not pseudocyphellate or pseudocyphellate; pseudocyphellae isolated or reticulate, distributed all over the surface or distributed locally on the surface, sunken, plane, or prominent, central, peripheral, or laminal, punctiform, orbicular, linear, irregular, or reticulate, submarginal or marginal, not prominent, warts, on wrinkles, on folds, on undulations, or on papillae; not wrinkled or wrinkled; eciliate or ciliate; cilia spinulous or slender, marginal, near the thallus basis, interspersed accross the thallus, at the tip of thallus parts, laminal, forming a fringe along the thallus parts, among isidia, on tubercles, on lobules, or in axils; without hairs or hairy; hairs marginal, basal, interspersed, apical, or laminal, on thallus lobes or branches, among isidia, on tubercles, on lobules, or in axils; isidiate or not isidate; isidia central, laminal, or peripheral, submarginal, marginal, or apical, on tubercules, on wrinkles, on folds, or on waves, cylindrical, spathulate, globular, tuberculate, clavate, pustular, inflated, or peltate, not ramified or ramified, sparse, coralloid, or moderate, concolorous throughout, not paler or darker at the tip, paler at the tip, or darkened at the tip; without isidiomorphs or with isidiomorphs, isidiomorphs on immature soralia only, on mature and immature soralia, or on mature soralia only, paler than the thallus, concolorous with the thallus, or darker than the thallus; not papillate or papillate, papillae minute, subhemispherical, verrucose, or cylindrical, not pustulate or pustulate, pustules regular, inflated, or spathulate; not sorediate or sorediate; soralia minute or broad, (0)-(0) mm in diam., black, grey, blue, green, yellow, brown, red, white, dark blue, dark green, dark yellow, dark brown, dark red, dark grey, grey-blue, grey-yellow, grey-brown, grey-red, aeruginose, brownish blue, pale blue, grey-green, lime green, olive, lemon (citrine), brownish yellow, orange, violet, brownish red, pink (rosé), pale grey, pale green, or pale brown, central, laminal, subperipheral, or peripheral, lateral, subapical, or terminal, forming ab initio, at the tips of papillae, eroding from the tip of tubercles, erupting from pustules, developing on contorted, knot-like thallus nodes, on wrinkles, on folds, forming from cracks or fissures, undular (forming on thallus undulations), or along scars of fibrils, semicapitate, capitate, helmet-shaped, spathulate, maculiform, labriform, or ear-shaped, erose, punctiform, irregular, or linear, prominent, slightly excavated or fully excavated, (0)-0-0-0-(0) per mm², isolated, not confluent with other soralia, confluent, but not fusing, fusing, or spreading, reticulate fused, longitudinal or transversal, emarginate or marginate, isidiate, soredia coarse or farinose; tuberculate or not tuberculate; tubercles very small, small, or large; not lobulate. Lower Surface: Present or absent, black, grey, blue, green, yellow, brown, red, white, dark grey, dark yellow, dark brown, dark red, grey-blue, grey-red, dark blue, brownish blue, pale blue, dark green, grey-green, aeruginose, olive, grey-yellow, lime green, brownish yellow, lemon (citrine), grey-brown, brownish red, pale brown, violet, orange, pale grey, pale green, or pink (rosé), black, grey, blue, green, yellow, brown, red, white, dark grey, dark yellow, dark brown, grey-blue, grey-red, dark blue, brownish blue, pale blue, dark green, grey-green, aeruginose, olive, grey-yellow, lime green, brownish yellow, lemon (citrine), grey-brown, pale brown, dark red, violet, orange, brownish red, pale grey, pale green, or pink (rosé) in the centre, black, grey, blue, green, yellow, brown, red, white, dark grey, dark yellow, dark brown, dark red, grey-blue, grey-red, dark blue, brownish blue, pale blue, dark green, grey-green, turquoise, olive, grey-yellow, lime green, brownish yellow, lemon (citrine), grey-brown, brownish red, pale brown, violet (= purple, bluish red, reddish blue), orange, pale grey, pale green, or pink (rosé) along the margin; attached by the whole lower surface, attached by holdfasts, or not attached, thallus vagrant; not pseudocyphellate or pseudocyphellate; not cyphellate or cyphellate; not wrinkled or wrinkled, wrinkles central or peripheral, isolated, longitudinally, transversally, or not predominantely oriented; rhizinate or not rhizinate; rhizines moderately abundant, sparse, or abundant, extending all across the lower surface, with a narrow non-rhizinate margin, or with a broad non-rhizinate margin, black, grey, blue, green, yellow, brown, red, white, dark grey, dark yellow, dark brown, grey-blue, grey-red, dark blue, brownish blue, pale blue, dark green, grey-green, aeruginose, olive, grey-yellow, lime green, brownish yellow, lemon (citrine), grey-brown, brownish red, pale brown, dark red, violet, orange, pale grey, pale green, or pink (rosé), not branched or branched, irregularly branched, dichotomously branched, squarrosely branched, or sparsely furcate; not tuberculate or tuberculate.

Hydrochasic Thallus Movement: Not performing hygrochasic thallus movement or performing hygrochasic thallus movement.

Upper Cortex: (0)-0-0-0-(0) % of thallus width; single-layered or double-layered; epicortex non-porous (i.e., forming a syncortex), subporous, or porous. Photobiont Layer: (0)-0-0-0-(0) µm thick, photobiont cells continuous, clustered, in vaulted chambers, or scattered, hyphal cells narrow, smaller than the medullar hyphae or large, similar in size to medullar hyphae. Medulla: Single-layered or double-layered, (0)-0-0-0-(0) % of branch width, compact, dense, loose, or very loose, becoming hollow; (0)-(0) % of thallus width; hyphae without particular orientation, predominantly along the lobe axis, or without particular orientation in upper part, predominantly along the lobe axis in lower part, not widened at the septum or widened at the septum.

Reproduction Strategy: Only known as sterile, asexually reproducing form or with sexual (and possible asexual) stages. Ascocarps: Apothecioid, forming in the thallus centre, all across the thallus surface, close to the margin, not the thallus centre, or directly at the thallus margin, on the pro- or hypothallus, all across the prothallus surface or on the periphery of the prothallus, close to the the tip of the thallus parts, directly at the tip of the thallus parts, in the centre of the thallus parts, all across the surface, near the margin, but not the centre of the the thallus parts, or along the margin of the thallus parts, lateral on thallus branches, apical at the tip of branches or stipes, or along the margin of scyphi, independently from the host thallus or mycelium or inside the thallus or mycelium of the host, peripheral along the margin of the host, laminal on the surface of the host, terminal at the apex of parts of the host, along the rim of host scyphi, within the ascocarp margin of the host, or within the ascocarp disks of the host, sparse, moderately abundant, or abundant, (0)-0-0-0-(0) mm in diam.. Margin: Crenulate, granulose, verruculose, verrucose, or scabrose, smooth, epruinose, slightly pruinose, or distinctly pruinose; not sorediate or sorediate; not isidiate or isidiate; without pseudocyphellae or with pseudocyphellae pseudocyphellae; not ciliate; not hirsute or hirsute. Disk: Brown, black, grey, blue, green, yellow, red, white, dark grey, dark yellow, dark brown, dark red, grey-blue, grey-red, dark blue, brownish blue, pale blue, dark green, grey-green, aeruginose, olive, grey-yellow, lime green, brownish yellow, lemon (citrine), grey-brown, brownish red, pale brown, violet, orange, pale grey, pale green, or pink (rosé). Epithecium: Apical cells not swollen, slightly swollen, or distinctly swollen. Hymenium: (0)-0-0-0-(0) µm high. Interascal Hyphae: Scarcely branched or distinctly branched, not or scarcely anastomosed or distinctly anastomosed.

Asci: Globose, broadly clavate, clavate, narrowly clavate, cylindrical, or obclavate; tholus with non-amyloid wide axial body and divergent amyloid flanks towards apex or with non-amyloid narrow axial body and amyloid convergent flanks towards apex; with indistinct flanks or with distinct flanks; ocular chamber absent or present; indistinct, narrow, or broad; dehiscence lecanoralean.

Ascospores: Not uniseriate or uniseriate, 1–2, c. 4, c. 8, 12-16, 16-32, or more than 32 per ascus, spores (0)-0-0-0-(0) per ascus, globose, subglobose, broadly ellipsoid, ellipsoid, oval, bifusiform (incl. biclavate), filiform, acerose, cylindrical, oblong-obtuse, oblong-truncate, lenticular, discoid in surface view (= lenticular in side view), sigmoid, reniform, allantoid, lunate, falcate, ovoid, obovoid, pyriform, obpyriform, clavate, obclavate, turbinate, quadrangular, cuneiform, napiforn, lageniform, sublageniform, ampulliform, doliiform, oblong, curved, semilunate, fusiform, irregular, or acicular, (0)-0-0-0-(0) µm long, (0)-0-0-0-(0) µm wide; wall thin or thick, distinctly differentiated into primary and secondary wall, not ornamented or ornamented.

Conidiomata: Present or absent resp. not observed; immersed, adnate, sessile, or stipitate; formed on warts, on wrinkles, on folds, on simple isidia, on branched isidia, on projections, on muri, on primary squamules, on podetia, on margins of scyphi, on margins of ascocarps, in primordia of ascocarps, or in the hymenium of ascocarps, lateral (along the margin of thallus parts), subapical (just below the tips of thallus parts), or apical, all accross the thallus surface, in the thallus centre, close to the thallus periphery, or along the thallus periphery; supporting structure: absent or present, scattered all accross the thallus surface, concentrated in the thallus centre, or located along the thallus periphery.

Pycnidia: Wall black, brown, green, blue, grey, red, yellow, hyaline, dark blue, dark brown, brownish blue, dark green, olive, aeruginose, lime green, dark grey, grey-brown, grey-blue, grey-green, grey-yellow, brownish red, violet, orange, brownish yellow, lemon (citrine), pale brown, pale green, or pink (rosé); single-layered or double-layered. Conidiogeneous Cells: Apical or intercalar. Conidia: Globose, subglobose, broadly ellipsoid, ellipsoid, oval, fusiform, bifusiform, filiform, acerose, cylindrical, oblong-obtuse, oblong-truncate, discoid in surface view (= lenticular in side view), lenticular, sigmoid, reniform, allantoid, lunate, falcate, ovoid, obovoid, pyriform, obpyriform, clavate, obclavate, turbinate, quadrangular, cuneiform, napiforn, lageniform, sublageniform, ampulliform, doliiform, bacilliform, curved, unciform, citriform, helical, acicular, or moniliform; (0)-0-0-0-(0) µm long; (0)-0-0-0-(0) µm wide.

Secondary Metabolites: Present or not detected; throughout the cortex, throughout the thallus medulla, only in the upper part of the cortex, only in the lower part of the cortex, only in the upper medulla, only in the lower medulla, in the ascocarp margin, within the subhymenium or hypothecium, restricted to the outer part of the central axis, throughout the whole central axis, or in soredia (or soralia), atranorin, lecanoric acid, 2'-O-methylperlatolic acid, 2,4-di-O-methylgyrophoric acid, 3-methoxy-2,4-di-O-methylgyrophoric acid, 3-methoxyumbilicaric acid, 4,5-di-O-methylhiascic acid, 4-O-demethylbarbatic acid, 4-O-methyllividic acid, 4-O-methylphysodic acid, 5-O-methylanziaic acid, a-collatolic acid, alectoronic acid, barbatic acid, chloroatranorin, colensoic acid, conechinocarpic acid, consalazinic acid, echinocarpic acid, evernic acid, gyrophoric acid, hydroxycolensoic acid, isoobtusatic acid, lividic acid, methoxycolensoic acid, microphyllinic acid, norcolensoic acid, norobtusatic acid, norstictic acid, obtusatic acid, oxyphysodic acid, physodic acid, protocetraric acid, skyrin, umbilicaric acid, virensic acid, salazinic acid, 5-tri-O-methylhiascic acid, 4-O-demethylisoobtusaic acid, ß-alectoronic acid, pigmentosin A & B, usnic acid, or lichexanthone, of the following substance class(es): orcinol depsides, orcinol depsidones, ß-orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones, (higher) aliphatic acids, (tri-)terpenoids, benzyl esters, (anthra-)quinones, secalonic acids, amino acid derivatives, pulvinic acid derivatives, diphenyl ethers, xanthones, dibenzofurans [and usnic acids], or chromones, metabolite(s) of unresolved identity: absent or present.

Spot Tests: Cortex: KC –, + deep yellow, + bright yellow (citrine, lemon), + yellow changing to red, + red, + blackish red, + bluish red, + orange, + pink, or + violet; medulla: K –, + yellow, + bright yellow (citrine, lemon), + yellow changing to red, + red, + blackish red, + bluish red, + orange, or + pink, C + pink, –, + deep yellow, + bright yellow (citrine, lemon), + yellow changing to red, + red, + blackish red, + bluish red, or + orange, KC –, + yellow, + bright yellow (citrine, lemon), + yellow changing to red, + red, + blackish red, + bluish red, + pink, or + orange, PD –, + deep yellow, + bright yellow (citrine, lemon), + yellow changing to red, + red, + blackish red (stipe, upper and lower cortex), + bluish red, + orange, or + pink.

(report generated 04.Okt.2007)