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Data Set Maintenance: Data set standard item. Data set author(s): Knoph J.-G., Rambold G. & Triebel D. (94-07-19). Data set reviewer(s): Kainz C. (00-11-15); to be published after submission; 94-07-19.

Nomenclature: Current taxonomic status: accepted. Taxonomic rank: species. Carbonea. Synonyms: º Lecidea vorticosa (Flörke) Koerb., Lecidea pullulans Th.Fr., Lecidea vorticosa (Flörke) Koerb. f. pullulans (Th.Fr.) Lettau, Lecidea sublatypea Leight. in Crombie, Lecidea latypodes Nyl., Lecidea subdeclinata Nyl., Lecidea sub**lapicida** (Ach.) Ach. var. subdeclinata (Nyl.) Boist., Lecidea asperella Stirt., Lecidea kündigiana Müll.Arg., Lecidea andina Zahlbr., Lecidea orvinii Lynge; Lecanoraceae Körb. (1855).

Taxonomic Literature: Dodge & Baker (1938: 533-534 - sub Lecidea capsulata), Hale (1987: 279-281 - sub Carbonea capsulata), Hertel (1970: 53 - sub Lecidea vorticosa, 1971a: 246-247 - sub Lecidea vorticosa, 1971b: 252 - sub Lecidea vorticosa, 1975: 74-75 - sub Lecidea vorticosa, 1977a: 316-317 - sub Lecidea vorticosa, 1977c: 348-349 - sub Lecidea vorticosa, 1984: 444-445, 1985: 306-308, 1988: 68 - sub Carbonea capsulata, 1989: 215-216), Hertel & Ullrich (1976: 471 - sub Lecidea vorticosa), ØVSTEDAL (1986: 67-68 - sub 'Lecidea' oroantarctica), Rambold (1989: 83-85), Rambold & Triebel (1992), TÜRK & Wittmann (1987: 67), Wittmann et al. (1989: 458), Zahlbruckner (1925: 717-718; 1932a: 363).

Biogeography: Continent: Antarctica, Asia-Temperate, Australasia, Europe, Northern America, and Southern America.

Thallus: Indistinct or crustose, rimose or areolate (primarily areolate); separate thallus parts thin (up to 0.4 mm). Thallus Outline: Persistent (not obvious). Upper Surface: Grey, red, or white, rough; special structures absent. Lower Surface: Special structures present:

Reproduction Strategy: With sexual (and possible asexual) stages. Ascocarps: Soon sessile, slightly constricted at the base, .5-1.2 mm in diam.. Margin: Lecideine/biatorine, persistent, prominent. Disk: Plane to sub-weakly convex, black, epruinose, without an umbo, forming occasionally, on few disks only. Exciple: Not carbonized; black to green to brown. Parathecium (proper excipulum): Dark brown. Amphithecium (thalline excipulum): Present; 35-50 µm wide. Epithecium: Apical cells green to turquoise. Hymenium: White to pale green. Hypothecium: Black to brown.

Ascospores: Ellipsoid to oblong-obtuse to oblong, 6.5-16 µm long, 3-5.5 µm wide; septa absent to present (occasionally).

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