Cladonia P. Browne (1756)

Data Set Maintenance: Data set standard item. Data set author(s): Rambold G. Data set reviewer(s): Scholz P. (02-05-14); revised; to be published after submission.

Nomenclature: Current taxonomic status: accepted or basionymous. Taxonomic rank: genus. Number of known taxa within this rank: 450. Cladonia. Synonyms: Cladina Nyl.; Cladoniaceae Zenker (1827); Cladoniineae; Lecanorales.

Type Information: Type: Cladonia subulata (L.) F.H. Wigg.

Taxonomic Literature: Ahti T., Ann. Bot. Soc. Zool.-Bot. Fenn. "Vanamo" 32: 1-160 (1961);
Ahti T., Ann. Bot. Fenn. 10: 163-184 (1973); Ahti T., Ann. Bot. Fenn.
15: 7-14 (1978); Ahti T., Lichenologist 12: 125-133 (1980); Ahti T.,
Ann. Bot. Fenn. 17: 195-243 (1980); Ahti T., Beih. Nova Hedwigia 79:
25-62 (1984); Ahti T., Ann. Bot. Fenn. 23: 205-220 (1986); Ahti T.,
Symb. Bot. Upsal. 32: 7-10 (1997); Ahti T. & Hammer, S. in: Nash
T.H. III et al. (eds) Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert
Region, vol. 1, 131-158, Tempe (2002); Ahti T. & Marcelli M.P.
in: Farkas E.+., Lücking R. & Wirth V. (eds), Biblioth.
Lichenol. 58: 5-26 (1995); Ahti T., Stenroos S. & Filho X., Trop.
Bryol. 7: 55-70 (1993); Ahti T., Stenroos S. & Marcelli M.P. in
Knoph J.-G., Schrüfer K. & Sipman H.J.M., Biblioth.
Lichenol. 57: 9-15 (1995); Burgaz A.R. & Ahti T., Nova Hedwigia
55: 37-53 (1992); Clauzade G. & Roux C., Bull. Soc. Bot. Centre-
Ouest N.S. - Numero Special 7: 1-893 [290-334] (1985); Galloway D.J.,
Flora of New Zealand Lichens: i-lxxiii, 1-662 [98-124], Wellington
(1985); Hammer S., Mycotaxon 40: 169-197 (1991); Hammer S.,
Bryologist 96: 80-85 (1993); Hammer S., Bryologist 96: 299-309
(1993); Hammer S., Bryologist 98: 1-28 (1995); Purvis O.W. &
James P.W. in: Purvis O.W. et al. (eds), The Lichen Flora of Great
Britain and Ireland, London (1992); Poelt J. & Vezda A.,
Biblioth. Lichenol. 9: 1-258 [45-84] (1977); Ruoss E., Bot. Helv. 97:
239-263 (1987); Ruoss E. & Ahti T., Lichenologist 21: 29-44
(1989); Stenroos S., Ann. Bot. Fenn. 23: 161-164; 239-259 (1986);
Stenroos S., Ann. Bot. Fenn. 25: 117-148 (1988); Stenroos S., Ann.
Bot. Fenn. 26: 157-168 (1989); Stenroos S., Ann. Bot. Fenn. 26: 237-
261 (1989); Thomson J.W., The lichen genus Cladonia in North America,
Toronto (1967); Upreti D.K., Feddes Repert. 98: 469-473 (1987).

Biogeography: Checklist records: Austria, Bolivia, Germany, Great Britain, Guianas, Italy, New Zealand, Sonoran Desert, Sweden and Norway, Thailand, United States and Canada (continental), and Republic of South Africa.

Ecology: Biotroph; lichenized; terricolous, bryophytic, lignicolous, or corticolous; substrate non-calciferous or calciferous.

Lichen Photobionts: Primary photobiont present; chlorococcal. Primary photobiont taxonomy: Asterochloris and Trebouxia (A. Beck 22-05-97); Trebouxiaceae; Trebouxiales, Trebouxiophyceae, Eukariota. Secondary photobiont absent.

Thallus: Indistinct, crustose, foliose, or fruticose, not subdivided parts, squamulose, subfruticose, granular, or rimose, lobed. Upper Surface: Grey, green, brown, white, olive, or brownish yellow; special structures absent or present:; not pseudocyphellate; eciliate or ciliate (in C. convoluta, C. foliacea); without hairs; not isidate; not sorediate or sorediate; not cephalodiate; not lobulate or lobulate; without granules granules, without thalloconidia thalloconidia. Lower Surface: Attached by the whole lower surface, attached by holdfasts, or not attached, thallus vagrant; special structures absent.

Reproduction Strategy: Only known as sterile, asexually reproducing form or with sexual (and possible asexual) stages. Ascocarps: Apothecioid, orbicular, forming all across the thallus surface, directly at the tip of the thallus parts, soon sessile to stipitate. Margin: Indistinct; external filaments absent. Exciple: White. Periphyses: Absent. Epithecium: Apical cells brown, red, brownish yellow, or orange. Interascal Hyphae: Present, scarcely branched, not or scarcely anastomosed. Hypothecium: White.

Asci: Tholus thickened, amyloid, with amyloid tube; dehiscence lecanoralean.

Ascospores: c. 8 per ascus, ellipsoid, fusiform, cylindrical, oblong-obtuse, ovoid, or oblong, 6-12-(24) µm long, 2-6 µm wide, obtuse; septa absent or rarely present; transversally septate, 0-1-transversally septate; wall thin, not thickened at the septum, hyaline, in Lugol's Solution negative, wall not ornamented.

Conidiomata: Absent resp. not observed or present; pycnidial; sessile or stipitate, formed all accross the thallus surface or along the thallus periphery.

Conidia: Filiform or bacilliform; aseptate.

Secondary Metabolites: Present, of the following substance class(es): orcinol depsides, orcinol depsidones, ß-orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones, (higher) aliphatic acids, (tri-)terpenoids, (anthra-)quinones, or dibenzofurans [and usnic acids].

(report generated 04.Okt.2007)